Owning a horse is a beautiful journey filled with trust, companionship, and responsibility. But just like us, horses can fall sick too. As caring owners, we need to know the most common diseases that affect horses, their causes, and how to prevent them. This knowledge not only keeps our horses safe but also gives us peace of mind.

Here are the top 10 common horse diseases every horse lover should know about.

1. Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA)

Cause: A virus spread mainly by biting flies.
Symptoms: Fever, weakness, anemia, or sometimes no visible signs.
Prevention: Regular Coggins tests and strict fly control.

📌 Related reading: What Really Causes Equine Infectious Anemia?

2. Colic

Cause: Digestive problems, gas buildup, or intestinal blockages.
Symptoms: Rolling, pawing, looking at the belly, refusing to eat.
Prevention: Regular feeding schedule, clean water, and slow dietary changes.

👉 More info: Colic in Horses – AAEP Guide

3. Laminitis

Cause: Inflammation of tissues in the hoof, often due to overeating grain or metabolic issues.
Symptoms: Lameness, reluctance to move, shifting weight between legs.
Prevention: Balanced diet and weight management.

4. Equine Influenza

Cause: A highly contagious respiratory virus.
Symptoms: Fever, cough, nasal discharge, loss of appetite.
Prevention: Vaccination and quarantine for new horses.

5. Strangles (Streptococcus equi infection)

Cause: Bacterial infection of the lymph nodes in the throat.
Symptoms: Swollen glands, nasal discharge, fever, difficulty swallowing.
Prevention: Good biosecurity, vaccination where available.

6. Tetanus

Cause: Toxins from Clostridium tetani bacteria entering wounds.
Symptoms: Stiffness, muscle spasms, difficulty eating or moving.
Prevention: Regular tetanus vaccinations.

7. Equine Herpesvirus (EHV)

Cause: Viral infection affecting respiratory system, reproduction, and sometimes the nervous system.
Symptoms: Cough, nasal discharge, fever, abortion in mares, or neurological signs.
Prevention: Vaccination and minimizing horse-to-horse contact.

8. Heaves (Recurrent Airway Obstruction)

Cause: Allergic reaction to dust, mold, or poor air quality.
Symptoms: Chronic cough, labored breathing, nasal discharge.
Prevention: Clean stables, dust-free bedding, good ventilation.

9. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)

Cause: A protozoal parasite (Sarcocystis neurona) spread through opossum droppings.
Symptoms: Weakness, incoordination, stumbling, muscle atrophy.
Prevention: Preventing opossums from accessing feed and water.

10. West Nile Virus

Cause: Virus spread by mosquitoes.
Symptoms: Fever, muscle tremors, weakness, neurological signs.
Prevention: Vaccination and mosquito control.

👉 Learn more from CDC – West Nile Virus in Horses.

Every horse owner should be aware of these common diseases. Prevention is often easier than treatment: regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, good stable management, and a balanced diet go a long way in keeping horses healthy.

Remember, knowledge is your strongest tool. By staying informed, you can give your horse the long, healthy, and happy life it deserves

FAQ Section

1. What are the most common horse diseases?

The most common horse diseases include Equine Infectious Anemia, colic, laminitis, influenza, strangles, tetanus, and West Nile Virus.

2. How can I protect my horse from infectious diseases?

Regular vaccinations, good stable hygiene, fly and mosquito control, and annual veterinary check-ups are essential.

3. Is colic always fatal in horses?

No, but colic can be serious if untreated. Early veterinary intervention improves recovery chances.

4. How often should horses be vaccinated?

Most horses need annual vaccinations, but some may require boosters every 6 months depending on exposure risk.

5. What test detects Equine Infectious Anemia?

The Coggins test is the standard diagnostic test for detecting EIA in horses.

Top 10 Common Horse Diseases Every Owner Should Know